Vaccines are an unparalleled medical milestone, which have saved countless lives by harnessing the human immune system. Vaccination remained the most effective means of defense during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019. The success of lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-delivered mRNA vaccines shows that nanotechnology can be used in vaccine development. In terms…

HIV is a virus that attacks the human immune system, targeting the most important CD4+ T cells in the human immune system and destroying them in large numbers. The body loses its immune function, and due to the extreme decrease of resistance, many kinds of infections will occur, and in…

A pneumonia epidemic caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in early 2020 triggered a global pandemic that has lasted to this day. Unfortunately, the situation with the epidemic remains dire to this day. According to the World Health Organization, more than 488 million people have been infected worldwide to date…

Although recently overshadowed by the global epidemic of COVID-19, humanity is still facing an epidemic of another disease, HIV/AIDS, with approximately 38 million people living with HIV worldwide, according to UNAIDS. Many people have died as a result of HIV infection since the epidemic began in the 1980s. Researchers from…

The continued emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and breakthrough infections following vaccination underscore the need to study the effectiveness of current COVID-19 vaccines in the real world. To date, only two mRNA COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for marketing, mRNA-1273 developed by Moderna and BNT162b2 developed by Pfizer/BioNTech, which have proven…

Life is all about working out. Moderate exercise not only strengthens the body, but also improves the metabolic state and slows the progression of diseases. However, different times of exercise may have different impacts, and it is an intriguing scientific question how to determine the best time to exercise. Although…

Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapy is one of the most effective therapeutic options for tumor immunotherapy that is currently emerging in clusters. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and engineered T cell receptors (TCRs) are the main adoptive immunotherapies in recent years. …

The biliary disease is a term used to describe diseases that affect the biliary system, which can result in inflammation, fibrosis, bile duct destruction, and eventually liver failure. It also frequently leads to secondary infections and chronic irritation, such as bile duct stones, which can lead to malignant tumors. …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) are adult-onset progressive neurodegenerative diseases that belong to the same disease spectrum. …